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The Free Papua Movement (Indonesian: ''Organisasi Papua Merdeka'', abbreviated OPM) is an organisation established in 1965 to end the current governance of the Papua and West Papua provinces in Indonesia, formerly known as Irian Jaya,〔 and to secede from Indonesia. The movement is outlawed in Indonesia, and agitating for independence for the provinces has incurred charges of treason. Since its inception the OPM has attempted diplomatic dialogue, conducted Morning Star flag-raising ceremonies, and undertaken militant actions as part of the Papua conflict. Supporters routinely display the Morning Star flag and other symbols of Papuan unity, such as the national anthem "Hai Tanahku Papua" and a national coat of arms, which had been adopted in the period 1961 until Indonesian administration began in May 1963 under the New York Agreement. ==History== During World War II, Netherlands East Indies (to become Indonesia) was guided by Sukarno to supply oil for the Japanese war effort and subsequently declared independence as the Republic of Indonesia in 17 August 1945. The Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea) and Australia administrated territories of Papua and British New Guinea resisted Japanese control and were allies with the American and Australian forces during the Pacific War. The pre-war relationship of the Netherlands and Netherlands New Guinea was replaced with the promotion of Papuan civil and other services〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Report on Netherlands New Guinea for the year 1961 )〕 until Indonesian administration began in 1963. Though there was agreement between Australia and the Netherlands by 1957 that it would be preferable for their territories to unite for independence, the lack of development in the Australian territories and the interests of the United States kept the two regions separate. The OPM was founded in December 1963, with the announcement that "We do not want modern life! We refuse any kinds of development: religious groups, aid agencies, and governmental organizations just Leave Us Alone!" Netherlands New Guinea held elections in January 1961 and a New Guinea Council was inaugurated in April 1961. However, in Washington, D.C. there was a desire for Indonesia to release CIA pilot Allen Pope,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Memorandum From Secretary of State Rusk to President Kennedy )〕 there was a proposal for United Nations trusteeship of West New Guinea,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs (Kohler) to Secretary of State Rusk )〕 Indonesian President Sukarno said he was willing 'to borrow the hand of the United Nations to transfer the territory to Indonesia', and the National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy began to lobby U.S President John F. Kennedy to get the administration of West New Guinea transferred to Indonesia;.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=U.S. Dept. of State Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia )〕 The resulting New York Agreement was drafted by Robert Kennedy and signed by the Netherlands and Indonesia before being approved subject to the ''Charter of the United Nations'' article 85〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Charter of the United Nations, International Trusteeship System )〕 in ''General Assembly resolution 1752''〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=17th session of the General Assembly )〕 on 21 September 1962. Although the Netherlands had insisted the West New Guinea people be allowed self-determination in accord with the United Nations charter and General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) which was to be called the "Act of Free Choice"; the New York Agreement instead provided a seven year delay and gave the United Nations no authority to supervise the act.〔Text of New York Agreement〕 Separatist groups raise the West Papua Morning Star flag each year on 1 December, which they call "Papuan independence day". An Indonesian police officer speculated that people doing this could be charged with the crime of treason, which carries the penalty of imprisonment for seven to twenty years in Indonesia. In October 1968, Nicolaas Jouwe, member of the New Guinea Council and of the National Committee elected by the Council in 1962, lobbied the United Nations claiming 30,000 Indonesian troops and thousands of Indonesian civil servants were repressing the Papuan population.〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕 According to US Ambassador Galbraith, the Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik also believed the Indonesian military was the cause of problems in the territory and the number of troops should be reduced by at least one half. Ambassador Galbraith further described the OPM to "represent an amorphous mass of anti-Indonesia sentiment" with "possibly 85 to 90 percent (Papuans ), are in sympathy with the Free Papua cause or at least intensely dislike Indonesians".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=National Security Archive at George Washington University, Document 8 )〕 Brigadier General Sarwo Edhie oversaw the design and conduct of the Act of Free Choice which took place from 14 July to 2 August 1969. The United Nations representative Ambassador Oritiz Sanz arrived on 22 August 1968 and made repeated requests for to the Brigadier-General for Indonesia to allow a one man, one vote system (a process known as a referendum or plebiscite) but these requests were refused on the grounds that such activity was not specified nor requested by the 1962 New York Agreement.〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕 One thousand and twenty five Papuan elders were selected from and instructed on the required procedure as specified by the article 1962 New York Agreement. The result was a consensus for integration. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Free Papua Movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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